Pharyngeal arch | |
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Schematic of developing fetus with first, second and third arches labeled. | |
Floor of pharynx of human embryo about twenty-six days old. | |
Latin | arcus pharyngei |
Gray's | subject #13 65 |
Carnegie stage | 10 |
Code | TE E5.4.2.0.0.0.2 |
MeSH | Branchial+Arches |
In the development of vertebrate animals, the pharyngeal arches (which develop into the branchial arches or gill arches in fish) are anlage for a multitude of structures. In humans, they develop during the fourth week in utero as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In fish, the branchial arches support the gills.
Contents |
These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or stomodeum from the pericardium. By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately.
Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a "staggered" development.
Pharyngeal pouches (or branchial pouches) form on the endodermal side between the arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form from the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. [1]
The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish.
In mammals the endoderm and ectoderm not only remain intact, but continue to be separated by a mesoderm layer.
There are six pharyngeal arches, but in humans the fifth arch only exists transiently during embryologic growth and development. Since no human structures result from the fifth arch, the arches in humans are I, II, III, IV, and VI. [2]
More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four. The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, while the last two contribute to the larynx and trachea.
The development of the pharyngeal arches provide a useful morphological landmark with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development. Their formation and development corresponds to Carnegie stages 10 to 16 in mammals, and Hamburger-Hamilton stages 14 to 28 in the chicken.
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